Legal rights of women in India

Introduction

Legal rights of women in India have evolved over the years to address historical inequalities and promote gender equality. These rights are enshrined in various laws, policies, and constitutional provisions, which aim to empower women and protect their interests in a diverse and complex society.

Legal Rights of Women in India

Here, we will explore these legal rights in detail:

Constitutional Rights

The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, provides a solid foundation for women's rights. Key provisions include:

• Equality before the Law (Article 14)

  This guarantees equal protection of the law for all citizens, regardless of gender.
  
  

• Prohibition of Discrimination (Article 15)

  The state is prohibited from discriminating against any citizen on grounds of sex, among others.
  
  

• Right to Equality (Article 16)

  This ensures equal opportunities in public employment, without discrimination based on gender.
  
  

• Right to Freedom (Article 19)

  Women have the same fundamental freedoms as men, such as freedom of speech and expression, movement, and residence.
  
  

• Right to Education (Article 21-A)

  The state is mandated to provide free and compulsory education to all children, regardless of gender.
  
  

• Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25)

  Women have the right to practice and propagate their religion freely.
  
  

Laws Against Dowry

The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, aims to prevent the practice of dowry, which often leads to harassment and violence against women. Giving, taking, or demanding dowry is a punishable offense under this law.

Protection from Domestic Violence

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, recognizes various forms of domestic abuse, including physical, emotional, sexual, and economic abuse. It provides for protection orders, residence orders, and maintenance orders for women facing domestic violence.

Sexual Harassment at Workplace

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013, mandates the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICC) in workplaces to address complaints of sexual harassment. Employers must provide a safe working environment for women.

Maternity Benefits

The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, provides maternity leave and various other benefits to women employees. It ensures job security and financial support during pregnancy and childbirth.

Property Rights

The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, was amended in 2005 to grant daughters equal rights in ancestral property. Muslim women are also entitled to a share of inheritance as per their personal law.

Legal Aid and Awareness

The National Commission for Women (NCW) and State Women's Commissions work to safeguard women's rights and promote gender equality. They provide legal aid and create awareness about women's issues.

Child Marriage Prohibition

The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, seeks to prevent child marriages and protect the rights of girls. The legal age for marriage is 18 for females.

Equal Pay for Equal Work

The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, mandates equal pay for men and women for the same work or work of a similar nature.

Laws Against Female Infanticide and Foeticide

The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994, prohibits the determination of the sex of a fetus and sex-selective abortions, which were leading to a skewed sex ratio.

Legal Aid and Services

The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, ensures access to justice for women, especially those from marginalized backgrounds, by providing free legal aid and services.

Cybercrime and Online Harassment

The Information Technology Act, 2000, includes provisions to address online harassment, cyberbullying, and cybercrime, which disproportionately affect women.

Customary and Religious Practices

Various legal battles and reforms are ongoing to challenge and rectify customs and practices that discriminate against women, such as triple talaq (divorce) and female genital mutilation.

Leading Case Laws Related to Legal Rights of Women in India

Here are a few notable case laws related to the legal rights of women in India:

Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan (1997)

This landmark case addressed the issue of sexual harassment at the workplace. The Supreme Court of India laid down guidelines known as the "Vishakha Guidelines" to protect women from sexual harassment at work until the enactment of a specific law. This case led to the eventual passage of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act in 2013.

Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)

In this case, the Supreme Court declared the practice of "triple talaq" (instantaneous divorce) among Muslim men as unconstitutional and violative of women's rights. The judgment held that the practice of instant triple talaq violated the fundamental rights of Muslim women, including their right to equality and dignity.

Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh (2013)

This case is significant for addressing issues related to the registration of FIRs (First Information Reports) in cases of sexual assault. The Supreme Court ruled that registration of an FIR is mandatory under Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) if a person approaches the police with a cognizable offense, including cases of sexual assault against women.

Rajesh Sharma v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2017)

In this case, the Supreme Court issued guidelines on the misuse of Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which deals with dowry harassment cases. While acknowledging the need to curb misuse, the guidelines received criticism for potentially diluting the protection offered to women against dowry-related harassment. However, they were later modified.

Mary Roy v. State of Kerala (1986)

This case was pivotal in establishing the right of Christian women in Kerala to inherit ancestral property on par with their male counterparts. The judgment was based on the principle of gender equality and significantly impacted inheritance rights for women in Christian families.

Conclusion

While these legal rights have significantly improved the status of women in India, there is still much work to be done to ensure their effective implementation and overcome societal attitudes that perpetuate gender inequality. The Indian government, civil society organizations, and women themselves continue to strive for a more inclusive and equitable society where women can exercise their rights without fear or discrimination. For more information related to legal rights of Women in India, contact experienced family lawyers in India.

FAQs

1. What are the rights of women in the Indian legal system?

   The following are the rights of women in India legal system;
   • Right to Equality
   • Protection from Discrimination
   • Maternity and Workplace Rights
   • Property Rights
   • Protection from Domestic Violence
   • Legal Aid and Awareness
   • Child Marriage Prohibition
   • Equal Pay for Equal Work
   • Cybercrime Protection
   • Rights Against Dowry
     
     

2. What is the legal status of women in India?

   In India, women enjoy legal equality and protection under the Constitution, with laws addressing various aspects of their rights and well-being. However, achieving full gender equality in practice remains an ongoing challenge.
   
   

3. What are the 5 rights of women?

   The following are the 5 rights of women;
   • Right to Equality
   • Right to Education
   • Right to Work
   • Right to Property
   • Right to Life and Dignity
     
     

4. Which article on rights of women in India?

   Article 15 of the Constitution permits the enactment of special provisions aimed at the welfare of women and children.