Fundamentals of The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

Dear Client, here are some steps you may consider taking: Review Your Financial Situation: Ensure that you have a clear understanding of your financial situation. Make a detailed assessment of your income, expenses, and outstanding debts. This will help you communicate your situation more effectively. Communicate with the Bank: It's important to maintain open and honest communication with the bank. Contact them and explain your financial difficulties. Try to negotiate a payment plan or settlement arrangement that you can realistically afford. Document Everything: Keep records of all communication with the bank, including letters, emails, and phone calls. Make note of dates, times, and the names of the bank representatives you speak with. Seek Legal Advice: If the bank continues to threaten you despite your attempts to resolve the issue, it may be advisable to consult with an attorney who specializes in debt collection and consumer rights. They can provide legal advice and represent your interests. Understand Your Rights: Familiarize yourself with relevant consumer protection laws in your jurisdiction. Different countries and regions have laws that regulate debt collection practices and protect consumers from harassment. Check the Validity of the Debt: Ensure that the debt being claimed is accurate and valid. Request detailed information about the debt, including a breakdown of the charges and interest applied. Know the Statute of Limitations: Debt collection has a statute of limitations in many jurisdictions. This means that after a certain period, the debt becomes unenforceable through legal action. Consult with a lawyer to determine if the debt has passed the statute of limitations in your area. Cease and Desist Letter: In some cases, sending a formal cease and desist letter to the bank or their representatives may be appropriate if you believe you are being harassed. This should be done under the guidance of an attorney. Credit Counseling: Consider seeking credit counseling or debt management services from reputable organizations. They can help you create a budget and negotiate with creditors on your behalf. Review the Terms and Conditions: Review the terms and conditions of your credit card agreement to understand the consequences of non-payment and any dispute resolution mechanisms it may contain. Remember that dealing with debt issues can be complex, and the specific actions you should take may depend on your individual circumstances and the laws in your jurisdiction. Thank you.

Dear Sir, Remedies against harassment by Recovery Agents February 18, 2021 Written By : Kishan Dutt Kalaskar Retired Judge Leave a Comment There are numerous cases of the oppressive and illegal conduct of recovery agents attempting to recover pending dues for the banks' benefit. In the past few years there have been many such instances, to showcase an example, an 81-year-old woman was seriously threatened by recovery agents, she got 375 threatening calls concerning her child's unpaid bank dues. After that, she moved to the police, and a case was filed against these agents. Another incident quoted as per media reports stated that a private bus was halted, and 42 travellers were held hostage for three hours by recovery agents, who needed to recover money from the travel company that owned the bus. These cases affirm that recovery agents/offices are feared in India. A recovery agent seeks clients and organizations that owe instalments to banks. Many of these recovery agents collect the banks'clientspayment dues for a charge or a percentage of the total amount owed. These agents are generally a third-party https://www.vidhikarya.com/legal-blog# You may get issue a strong legal notice from my office or file a Suit for Permanent Injunction against Recovery Agents and Bankers. ICCI Bank Limited vs. Prakash Kaur case, The Supreme Court in a landmark judgement reiterated its earlier stand that banks cannot deploy musclemen for recovery of loans from defaulters thus forcing them to end their lives. "We deem it appropriate to remind the banks and other financial institutions that we live in a civilised country and are governed by the rule of law," a bench comprising Justices Tarun Chatterjee and Dalveer Bhandari said. The court while dismissing the ICICI Bank's plea refused to delete the Delhi High Court's remarks that held the bank and its musclemen responsible for abetting a youth to commit suicide by humiliating him and taking away his motorcycle financed by the largest private sector bank. It also asked the ICICI Bank to to pay Rs 25,000 as cost of this litigation to the respondents within three weeks and directed the Delhi Police to conclude the investigation against the bank expeditiously within three months, keeping in view the gravity of the allegations. The court also directed the concerned Deputy Commissioner of Police to submit the investigation report in the Delhi High Court. According to the court, complaints received by Reserve Bank regarding violation of the above guidelines and adoption of abusive practices followed by banks recovery agents would be viewed seriously. Reiterating the RBI Guidelines on Engagement of Recovery Agents, the court said, "The Reserve Bank may consider imposing a ban on a bank from engaging recovery agents in a particular area, either jurisdictional or functional, for a limited period. In case of persistent breach of above guidelines, Reserve Bank may consider extending the period of ban or the area of ban." "RBI had expressed its concern about the number of litigations filed against the banks in the recent past for engaging recovery agents who have purportedly violated the law," Justice Bhandari, writing the verdict for the bench, stated. RBI in a letter accompanying its April 24, 2008 Guidelines had stated that it might consider imposing a ban on a bank from engaging recovery agents in a particular area, either jurisdictional or functional, for a limited period. ICICI Bank had moved the apex court seeking deletion of some paragraphs in the High Court order which had said that "...the proximate cause of death of the deceased that led him to commit suicide was on account of humiliation caused by the Bank people from where loan was taken by him." "The modus-operandi employed by the banks like ICICI for realisation of their loan amount and for recovering the possession of the vehicle against which loans are given is extra legal and by no stretch of imagination they can be permitted to employ musclemen and goons for recovery of their dues even from a defaulting party," the High Court had observed. The High Court order had come on a petition filed by Shanti Devi Sharma, the deceased's mother, seeking a probe against the ICICI bank and its staff for the unlawful action, which led to the suicide of her 34-year old son Himanshu Dev Sharma. Sharma had committed suicide in October 2005 by hanging himself at his house after he was allegedly intimidated and humiliated in front of his neighbours and family by recovery agents employed by the bank for recovering the loan amount taken for his motorcycle. The ICICI Bank had contended that it was within its rights to recover loans and had followed the required procedure for recovering dues. Keep these rules in mind while facing a loan recovery agent Know the facts Banks may have an in-house collection department or they may outsource the job to a third-party collection agency. Keep in mind that no bank likes non-performing assets, or bad debts, on their balance sheet. A debt becomes bad when it’s not paid for three consecutive months. “Usually if the debt is unpaid for a month, the collection team sends reminders or calls up the customer for recovery. However, the delay in payment could just be an oversight on the borrower’s part,” said a senior banker with a private sector bank, who did not want to be named. “But when the debt becomes 90 days overdue, we initiate recovery agent visits.” This, however, depends on a bank’s policy. In case you are unable to repay on time, it’s best to tell the bank about your situation. If you have a genuine reason, the bank may be willing to work towards a solution. This also depends on the bank’s policy. “A credit card debt can be easily converted into an EMI instead of total loan outstanding amount,” said the senior banker cited above. “The bank may even restructure a loan in some cases. Of course, this also depends on your past payment record.” Handling agents Keep in mind that at times recovery agents have big targets to achieve and may also have incentives linked to the number and volume of collection. So they are a motivated lot and handling them isn’t easy. Know the rules: You, as a debtor, have certain rights. Knowing those rights will help you handle a recovery agent. Identity: You can ask the recover agents to show their identity cards issued by the bank or under the authority of the bank. Privacy: You have a right to privacy. The recovery agent cannot discuss the debt to another person. So don’t panic if he threatens to tell neighbours or co-workers about your debt. If he does so, you can file a complaint against him with the bank. Time: The recovery agent should contact you between 7am and 7pm. However, if your working hours or work shift does not permit this, you may be contacted beyond this time limit. Calls: You can choose the place and time for receiving recovery calls. You can also request them to not call you at a particular place or time. For instance, if you don’t want to receive calls at work, specify the same to the agent or the bank. Keep in mind, they will respect your request only till they feel you are not avoiding them. Decency: The recovery agent has to talk to you in a decent and civilized manner. No abusive language should be used. Also, the written communication sent by the banks should be easy to understand. Investigation: If you file a complaint against a recovery agent, the bank needs to investigate the matter. This makes recovery agents accountable for their collection practice. Inappropriate occasions: If there is a death in your family or any such event, you can tell the agent not to call you or make visits for a few days. Records: Banks document the content of conversations between customers and agents along with the time and number of calls. Banks also need to keep all copies of communications sent to customers. Disputes: If you face any dispute or differences regarding dues, seek assistance of the lender. Seeking help There could be various reasons for you not being able to pay instalments on time— medical conditions, job loss or a twin-income family becoming a single-income household. Macroeconomic factors such as high inflation or rising interest rates, too, can be the reasons. If the reason for non-payment is not temporary, it’s best is to approach credit counselling agencies and seek help. “We provide free credit counselling for those who are struggling to get out of debt,” said Narayanan Raja, chief executive, BCSBI. Debt counselling agencies such as Abhay and Disha also offer such services for free. If you are uncomfortable going to these centres, you can avail counselling over telephone which also is provided without any cost. Recourse if harassed If you think the agent is not following any of the above mentioned rules, you should file a complaint. Raja said, “If a borrower thinks he is being harassed, he should first approach the bank, and if not satisfied by its response, he should get in touch with the banking ombudsman.” Though rules have been laid down to assist borrowers, it is best to rework household budget and make provisions to accommodate the unseen change in the repayment amount. The bank can sue you on defaulting the credit card payment. It cannot amount to criminal liability as it would be considered as non payment of loan which will constitute as a civil act by nature. The Banks and Financial Institutions can lend money even without security, normally, the Banks and Financial Institutions insist for security for the repayment of loan. The fixed assets, receivables etc. can be securities acceptable to the Banks and Financial Institutions for sanctioning the loans. The loan entitlements, the procedure for sanctioning the loan, the security issues etc, are exclusively governed by the guidelines/norms issued by the Reserve Bank of India. Loan being an agreement or understanding between the Bank and the borrower, the general laws like Law of Contract, Transfer of Property Act, Specific Relief Act, Specific Performance etc., are applicable to all banking transactions depending upon the nature of transaction. When a borrower fails to repay the money to the Bank, what the Bank can do for recovering the loan is to file a civil suit earlier. in India the remedy available to lenders has been to file an ordinary money suit for recovery against the defaulting borrower for the outstanding amounts or to file a summary suit as provided for under Order 37 of Code of Civil Procedure 1908 RBI CIRCULARS LINK - Recovery Agents engaged by Banks https://www.rbi.org.in/CommonPerson/english/scripts/Notification.aspx?Id=347 Complaints against the bank / its recovery agents 3. Banks, as principals, are responsible for the actions of their agents. Hence, they should ensure that their agents engaged for recovery of their dues should strictly adhere to the above guidelines and instructions, including the BCSBI Code, while engaged in the process of recovery of dues. 4. Complaints received by Reserve Bank regarding violation of the above guidelines and adoption of abusive practices followed by banks’ recovery agents would be viewed seriously. Reserve Bank may consider imposing a ban on a bank from engaging recovery agents in a particular area, either jurisdictional or functional, for a limited period. In case of persistent breach of above guidelines, Reserve Bank may consider extending the period of ban or the area of ban. Similar supervisory action could be attracted when the High Courts or the Supreme Court pass strictures or impose penalties against any bank or its Directors/ Officers/ agents with regard to policy, practice and procedure related to the recovery process.

Dear client, The appeal against acquittal of the accused case can be filed only before the High Court under Section 378(4) of Cr.PC. if a person convicted under 138 NI he get a punishment for imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years and with a fine which may extend to twice the amount of the cheque, or with both. Thank You.

U can challenge it in court or solve it peacefully

As you have got the summons you first need to be present in Kolkata metropolitan magistrate and through a lawyer you will have to defend the said case and after sometime you may have to appeal to transfer the case. If you realize my professional skills, the time & efforts put in by me needs to be truly appreciated, and then Please “CLICK MY LIKES/ THUMBS UP/GIFT” button shown below this reply format & also CLICK/ WRITE a “REVIEW” in 5 star as I have answered your query in detail. Hope this information is useful ADV. ANISH PALKAR (High Court)